Psychological Reaction to the movie American Beauty Essay

Psychological Reaction to the movie American Beauty - Essay Example The family is portrayed as normal but as the films tag line suggests look closer then it is possible to fully understand the implications that takes place in this seemingly happy home. My perception is that the film is masterfully directed by the famous theater director Sam Mendes and encompasses a great number of cinematic techniques that appear fresh and exciting. Critics have mentioned many of these techniques. However, they failed to notice the clever use of color used throughout the film, especially the color red. Psychologically speaking, Sam Mendes effectively uses the color red; as a central design to accentuate mood and theme, to contrast families, and to reveal characters personalities and feelings. This paper speaks of whether the movie should be allowed to see on the part of the college students or not and it looks at the reaction to this movie in the psychological sense. Since this paper delves into the psychological tone that I have set in reaction to the movie, I have focused on the color red which has been used widely in this paper and it is thus the point of discussion in the following lines as well. As we know that in American culture red is a color of various meanings and images.

Hardness Removal Essay Example for Free

Hardness Removal Essay 88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the concentration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.? To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales. The particular method used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L. Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample water was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.

Sense and Sensibility Essay -- Jane Austen

Sense and Sensibility was the first novel written by Jane Austen and it reflects the views and ideas of a young girl of twenty-two. It includes autobiographical elements, as do other novels written by her. Jane Austen had only one sister, Cassandra, and the two were very attached. The connection that existed between Jane and Cassandra is to be found between Elinor and Marianne. The two women of the novel also resemble their real- life counterparts in their nature and attitude. Elinor possesses the good sense of Cassandra and the cordiality of Jane. Marianne displays Jane's love for reading, music and dance. The setting of the novel is also based on actual locations. The Dashwoods' cottage at Barton in Devonshire resembles Jane Austen's house at Steventon in Hampshi...

Essay --

I am mad. Wait, mad might not be the correct word. Perhaps I should have said angry, but does that truly evoke the complete image of my present emotional state? I think not. Exasperated, agitated, and resentful come to mind, but again, individually, they all fall short of expressing the complex set of emotions experienced when I feel I have been cheated or stolen from. What makes this even more emotionally demoralizing is the fact that those responsible for doing the cheating and stealing do not even recognize that is what they are doing. So who am I referring to, how are they cheating, and what have they stolen? They are the uninformed voters and they are cheating the system by having the same amount of control in election outcome as those who have taken the time to become involved and knowledgeable about the issues. But what are they stealing? In short my vote. Simply put, due to lack of interest, understanding, and participation in the electoral process, uninformed voters wh o should be awarding their support from a foundation of insight, preparation and knowledge are instead casting votes even they do not agree with. Ok, so what if a few people get confused and make a wrong vote, just how bad can it be? ‟According to political scientists Richard Lau and David Redlawsk in their book How Voters Decide, the authors find that, in the best case scenario of a choice of two candidates, approximately 70 percent of voters choose correctly†(Belt 643). Now take a minute to really think about the implications of that statement. In a best case scenario, 30 percent of the voter’s choice was for someone or something he or she did not even agree with but was too uninformed to know it. One might ask how could there possibly be this d... ...that regardless of which side of an issue one may support, award that support from a foundation of insight, preparation and knowledge. Somin in his book Democracy and Political Ignorance, and Their Ignorance is willful! states, ‟few will take the time and effort to assimilate more than a small amount of political information.† For this reason he states elsewhere in his book, we should be grateful that voter turnout is as low as it is, because increased turnout is often likely to increase the electoral effects of political ignorance by encouraging the unmotivated to vote (More Media 1). Realizing that all the time and effort I spend to discern the issues and candidates’ positions can be made futile by one uninformed voter, maybe our best hope is, come Election Day, the uniformed voter is so uninformed they will not be able to find the polling location.

Computer education Essay

Computer education is two sides of a coin, there are several advantages and disadvantages which are listed below: Advantages: 1. Information is available at the click of a button, the internet is very useful and gives a huge support to the teacher to enhance her curriculum 2. The students themselves can learn a lot about the topics taught in class through the internet 3. Children find the lessons interesting since teachers have access to a vast pool of information. 4. Children can submit homework etc via computer, thus saving of time 5. Saves a lot of stationery, paper wastage is minimal since students can submit their projects via computer. 6. Also, today everywhere a computer is used children become computer savvy and better prepared to face the world. Disadvantages: 1. Computer tends to make the children lazy, reason being that a computer is a one stop shop. Everything is available at a click of a button, they do not have to strive to collect information. 2. Children lose their power the think since just by putting in one word on the search engine a whole treasure of information opens up, everything is available without trying very hard, children lose their imagination power and ingenuity. 3. Children do not have to learn spellings, calculation, tables they become totally dependant on computers and their skills for memorising, application, quick thinking are not developed. 4. A computer is a very cold way of teaching, earlier live examples and objects were used which were far more exciting, we could touch, smell objects like earlier if a teacher wanted to teach about an orange a live orange was brought and shown, today everything is shown via power point presentations on screen which does not have the same effect on children, since a live thing is so much more exciting. 5. Children lose touch with the real world and live in a virtual world which is not good. 6. Children become loners, lose friends, since all the time they are stuck to the computers 7. They do not sleep on time since chatting, emailing,

5 Errors in Noun-Verb Agreement

5 Errors in Noun-Verb Agreement 5 Errors in Noun-Verb Agreement 5 Errors in Noun-Verb Agreement By Mark Nichol As shown in the examples below, when writers craft sentences with more than one noun or pronoun in the subject, they sometimes misidentify the key noun or pronoun and assign the wrong verb form to it. Discussion and revision in each sentence describes and solves the problem. 1. â€Å"Five days are too short for a vacation.† The singular form of the verb â€Å"to be,† rather than the plural form, is appropriate here because of the context- the writer is referring to a collective unit of time consisting of five days, not to five units of time consisting of a day each: â€Å"Five days is too short for a vacation.† 2. Which of the following statements best describe your situation? The verb in this sentence refers not to statements but to one of several statements- represented by the pronoun which- each of which is, in turn, being contemplated on its own, so the verb form should be singular: â€Å"Which of the following statements best describes your situation?† 3. Each of the top five priorities identified this year are technology related.   Just as in the previous example, the first word in this sentence is a place-holder representing one priority. The five priorities are being considered in isolation, one at a time, so a singular verb is appropriate: â€Å"Each of the top five priorities identified this year is technology related.† 4. We believe that a diversity among people and perspectives create high-performing organizations. Diversity, not the combination of â€Å"people and perspectives,† is the operative noun here, so the verb form should be singular: â€Å"We believe that a diversity among people and perspectives creates high-performing organizations.† 5. A combination of these factors, along with a number of wider digital transformation and economic trends, have focused attention on regulatory technology as a topic. Combination, not factors, is the noun that the helping verb is associated with (and the parenthetical phrase located between factors and the verb is irrelevant to the verb form): â€Å"A combination of these factors, along with a number of wider digital transformation and economic trends, has focused attention on regulatory technology as a topic.† Some people may disagree, arguing that combination, like descriptive words such as couple, majority, and variety, calls for notional agreement (or notional concord), in which plural nouns that modifying phrases that include collective nouns are associated with, rather than the collective nouns themselves, are considered the â€Å"target† of the verb. However, usage strongly favors singular concord, in which the verb concords, or agrees, with the collective noun (the â€Å"notion†). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingDeck the HallsUses of the Past Participle

Workforce diversity management

Workforce diversity management Executive Summary Globalizing organizations encounter enormous challenges in the quest to manage the diversities of their work force. These diversities entail differences existing among people working in the organization with regard to parameters such as gender, race, community values, age, sexual affection, income levels, work experience, parental status, religious beliefs, ethnicity, religion, and physical abilities amongst others.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Workforce diversity management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apparently, this largely surfaces as the chief types of diversities that exist in the Google Company that serves as the case company in this paper. A review of current literature to show the importance of managing workforce diversity for today’s managers reveals that managing diversities of an organizations work force is a mandate that organizational managers cannot treat with minimal concern as it is of paramount importance, which include improvement of workforce productivity, improvement of workforce engagement and reducing instances staff absenteeism among others. In the analysis section, on the management strategies in place in Google company for managing workforce diversity, the papers finds workforce diversity management as resting on the need to avail networks, which are ideally open to all interested workforce members. Introduction In the present time, globalizing organizations avail immense benefits to the population in the regions where they establish in terms of promotion of HR policies that are innovative in nature. However, such a corporate encounters mega challenges in managing the workforce diversity in every region. For the purposes of discussions of this paper, the term diversity refer the myriads of differences existing among people working in an organization with regard to parameters such as gender, race, community values, age, sexual affection , income levels, work experience, parental status, religious beliefs, ethnicity, religion and physical abilities among others. As a repercussion and in the context of this paper, workforce diversity management encompasses â€Å"a comprehensive managerial process for developing an environment that works for all employees† (Parvis 2003, p.37). Using Google as a case example of large nongovernmental organizations, the paper dedicates itself to review current literature to show the importance of managing workforce diversity for today’s managers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It conducts an analysis of the types/kinds of workforce diversity that exist in the Google Company. It later sums up by analyzing the management strategies in place in the organization for managing workforce diversity. Importance of managing workforce As organizations diversify, th e approaches deployed to address workforce management issues are critical in influencing the performance of an organization in the competitive market place. Dessler (2004) reckons, â€Å"the importance of diversity management has been communicated by academics and professional alike, citing the many benefits of having a heterogeneous organization, as opposed to homogeneous organization† (p.43). A homogenous organization is a non-diversified organization while a heterogeneous is a diversified organization: it employs people of varying backgrounds in terms of race, age, physical abilities, and geographical regions among others. Cute management of workforce diversity has been acclaimed by many scholars as having the ability to improve workforce productivity, improvement of workforce engagement, foster staff absenteeism coupled with an increase of workforce turn over by about five folds (Dessler 2004, p.45). For the Google Company, workforce diversity management is critical in th e endeavor to increase the ability to address the various needs of more diverse Google customer base. Particularly, Google gains from the valid view points of its diverse workforce in effect that such a workforce provides increased problem solving capacities coupled with enhanced creativity levels- something that is critical for the success of the organization in the future unknown dynamic business environment. In this context, it is arguable that proper management of Google’s work force makes the organization gain immensely in the sense that the organization ends up establishing a central position in the competitive market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Workforce diversity management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An increasing number of scholarly studies reveal that a direct correlation exists between employees, attendance, job performance, dedication and perception of being valuable resources of an or ganization. For instance, according to Pope â€Å"if management and team members fail to value women and minorities, company productivity will likely suffer as a consequence† (2004, p.63). This infers that mismanagement of workforce diversity translates to affecting an organization’s costs. In this context, organizations, which do not support diversity existing in their workplaces, are likely to plunge into expensive lawsuits and out of court settlements case largely contributed by poor management of various talent tools: for instance stereotypes propagation, discrimination and harassment among others. Additionally, such organizations are susceptible to costs linked to replacement of employees (Jayne Dipboye 2004, p.412). In case an organization is constituted by people of varying ethnicities coupled with higher proportions of women as compared to the general industry on average, an interrogative arise seeking audience on how reconciliation of differences among employ ees can be achieved without causing undue friction during every day interactions of the employees. In this context, managing workforce diversity becomes a crucial endeavor since otherwise the performance of an organization gets negatively impaired and hence its productivity and profitability (Pless Maak 2004, p.129: Alpert 1998, Para. 5). Development of plausible knowledge by today’s management professionals is indeed crucial since many of the issues encountered in the work environment prompting intolerance for the differences characterizing differing workers can only be solved by use of cute approaches of the work force diversity management. Most pressing stalemate issues pertaining to workforce diversity are more inclined on perspective of treatment of women (Ollapally Bhatnagar 2009, p.461). In this context, the concepts of workforce diversity management are vital for adoption by today’s organizational managers since race and gender constitute the major issues and the key drivers of approaches for managing diversity.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Where minority groups largely perceive themselves as being more oppressed or discriminated, it is apparent that they would consider taking steps that are unhealthy to the performance of an organization. This is perhaps widely probable based on the possession of intense awareness of the minority rights among such person coupled with the existence of stricter organizations codes of conducts and regulations predominantly formulated to govern behaviors within work places. This argument makes more sense especially by consideration of Pope (2004) argument that â€Å"it is in the interest of the management of any firm to sensitize their workforce towards race and gender issues and ensure that the workplace is free of discrimination against minority groups, as well as women† (p.64). From this dimension, managing workforce diversity has a chief contribution in aiding people working within Google Company to connect with one another in an attempt to further Google company goals, create changes within the corporate community, which are positive without negating promotion and strengthening the Google Company’s business partnerships. From a different dimension, Kersten (2000) argues, â€Å"the impetus for diversity programs begins with desirable social and political goals while strategic commitment needed to make it part of the company’s business strategy come only from the highest level of an organization† (p.236). Drawing from this argument it is conspicuous that management has a proactive role to play in ensuring that workforce diversity is managed to avoid conflicts of interest among the minority and majority groups of workers. An analysis of the types or kinds of workforce diversity that exist in Google Company The clients of Google Company are diverse in many aspects including gender, race or ethnicity, age, region and physical abilities among other differences. To address the needs of these diverse clients, Google Company indeed employs a diverse work force regionally, ethnically, based on gender and even on an age basis. In fact, according to Saxena et al (2012), Google Company â€Å"†¦represents 138, 000 queries every minute of every day in 90 different languages† (p.4). With this kind of immense capacity to handle internet traffic of queries every minute, it is plausible to argue out that Google is indeed the best world’s search engine. For Google then it implies that she has to employ an immense number of people coming from a variety of ethnic lines across the globe. The capacity to orient her diverse workforce to a common goal saw Google’s revenue escalate to 961.9 million dollars in 2003, a figure that has grown into multi-folds since then (Saxena et al 2012). This means that Google has acquired an immense competitive advantage in the operational environment in which it has managed to outdo companies like America on line (AOL), Amazon and eBay, which have been tightly competing with Go ogle Company for revenue. For Google Company, concepts of diversity do not lie on the traditional perception of what ideally constitutes the differences among the workers within organizations such differing religious and moral believes among others. Professional differences also accounts for the sphere of diversities at Google Company. However, this is not an immense challenge since the Google Company products take into accounts all the professional qualifications of her entire workforce. Precisely speaking Google Company (2012) endeavors â€Å"to spread the love of Science, technology, engineering and Math (STEM)† (Para.5). Technology and Science makes use of diverse professional abilities and technical knowhow. Therefore, just as Google Company’s employees are diverse in respect to differences such as gender, ethnic origins and age, professional diversity is equally relevance for inclusion in the realm of workforce diversity management approaches at Google. Company G oogle (2012) reckons, â€Å"Google is the home for countless communities of unique people. We offer hundreds of internal groups and clubs raging from runners at Google theatre lovers and game developers† (Para. 2). This evidences that Google perceives differing professional abilities of her employees as part of her workforce diversity at her disposal, which while well tapped and managed may lead to increased productivity and consequently to escalation of profitability of the organization. As argued before, diversity within any organization including Google Company is critical in terms of influencing an organization’s costs. The better its management, the better the organization becomes protected from unnecessary costs. This is a positive aspect of deployment of credible workforce diversity management. However, on a different dimension, embracing total consideration of every aspects of workforce diversity results to unnecessary costs and hence negative impact of workfor ce diversity management. As a way of example, it is quite crucial in some organizations for workers not to take partisan positions especially on matters involving making personal opinion or judgments of issues of national public interests that attracts heated debates as doing so may invoke violence among the target audience. Amid this prerequisite, in such a situation, integration of utmost concepts of workforce diversity means that the managers also consider diversities in such opinions. Giving room for people for instance working in media organization; considering the massive influence they have on the masses, to express their diversities opinions, may give loopholes for thriving of stereotyped society largely fueled by the promotion of unlimited workforce diversity within media houses. An analysis of the management strategies in place in the organization for managing workforce diversity Founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, Google Company, is one of the companies classified as b eing most successful on start up right from it growth from a research being a project to a search engine that has revolution the world. Google is guided by the organizational slogan: ‘never judge a search engine by its interface. What this slogan means is that amid the simplicity of its interface, intrinsically within it, there rests the most sophisticated technological infrastructures of the world. Diverse people across the globe run and develop these infrastructures. The value of this diversity is indeed highly appreciated by the company’s CEO, Eric Schmidt, who posits, â€Å"at Google, we do not just accept differences-we thrive on it. We celebrate it. And we support it, for the benefit of our employees, our products and our community† (Saxena et al 2012, p.13). The diversity referred in here is the workforce differences in term of gender, religious beliefs subscriptions, cultural beliefs and ethic differences among the Google workers coupled with other differ ences that define particular segregated groups of Google workers from the wider total work force. Google deploys numerous strategies to cope with the workforce diversities. Google (2012) informs, â€Å"Google offer hundreds of internal groups and clubs raging from runners at Google theatre lovers and game developers† (Para. 2). Many of these Groups and clubs are principally developed to facilitate and support ardently the Google’s diversity initiatives both within Google Company and within her communities. In this end, the key management strategies at Google to enhance workforce management rest on the establishments of workers diversity management approaches inspired by network organizations. Moore (1999) reckon that people who â€Å"are different from each other in terms of their gender, physical ability, socioeconomic background and so on, are more likely to have at least some stereotypes about each other, and it is these stereotypical attitudes and view that many d iversity training programs aim to address† (p. 208). Consistent with this light, at Google the main strategy for managing workforce diversity rest on the need to avail networks which are ideally open to all interested workforce members. Through the networks, employees take part in activities such as professional development, mentoring, community service and even education outreach among other activities that the company deems essential in fostering tolerance of differences existing among her workforce. This strategy is widely conforming to Anand (2004) insight that â€Å"effectively integrating diversity requires education, training and communication† (p.307). Communication across the networks is enhanced by the fact that while such networks are available across the world, the members normally comes together during annual general summit on leadership. Arguably holding such a summit goes far in breaching the regional differences among Google Company workers as the member s are given subtle platforms to express their concerns ardently. Communication across all the global networks in Google Company is in fact essential since as Parvis (2003) argues, â€Å"communication plays an important role in the diverse workforce environment† (p.37). Without communication is impossible for articulation of the various differences existing among organizational workers with the business missions and goals. The various networks groups that Google deploys to spread the concerns of the need to promote workforce diversities are formed on the basis of diversifies such as gender, race and or professionalism diversities among others. With reference to Google (2012), such networks include- Asian Google Network (AGN), which was formed in 2007 essentially to â€Å"support employee retention and career advancement, educate Google employees concerning Asian American culture and perform community outreach† (Para. 3). Others include GWE (Google Women Engineers), BGN (Black Googler Network) HGN (Hispanic Googler Network), AAGN (Asian American Google Network), Google Capability Council and GAIN (Google American Indian Network). The focus of these networks in promoting workforce diversities is perhaps brought out more conspicuously by consideration of the concerns of each of the network. For instance, according to Google (2012), BGN (Black Googler Network is indebted to â€Å"attract, recruit, retain and develop Black talent at Google† (Para. 10). Since when it was established, BGN has actively supported diversity at Google and within the communities in which Google conducts her business. Conclusion The paper has argued that the workforce within an organization is diverse in many respects. The term diversity has been used to refer to myriads of differences existing among people working in an organization with regard to parameters such as gender, race, community values, age, sexual affection, income levels, work experience, parental status, religious beliefs, ethnicity, religion and physical abilities among others. In the example case of a large organization that is privately owned, the paper has used Google Company in the analysis section of the kinds or types of workforce diversities in it: gender and ethnicity. Google Company management strategies to deal with workforce diversities consequently have been confirmed as being established to address and promote the tolerance of the differences in the Google workforce inspired by these two types of diversities. Recommendations The paper recommends that organizations deserves to understand the benefits of adopting multicultural environment that is tolerant to workforce diversities. By doing this, organizations would gain immensely in form increase in the productivity of the diverse workforce and hence boosting the profitability of the organization in question. In this end, the paper proposes that ‘buy-in’ of the entire organization is one of the plausible way s of ensuring the existence of a multicultural organization. This calls for all management staff, right from top to down, to understand the relevance of workforce diversity from moral perspectives and business perspectives. The paper goes on to recommend that in order to achieve this, the organizations essentially deserve to alter their values to orient them to commitment for promotion of workforce diversity within the work environment as evidenced by the case for Google Company. References Alpert, T 1998, Gaining Competitive Advantage: The Case for Diversity. Web. Anand, R 2004, ‘Make diversity part of the business plan’, Restaurants Institutions, vol. 114 no. 22, pp. 307-311. Dessler, G 2004, Management principles and practices for tomorrow’s leaders, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Google 2012, Diversity in Our Workforce, https://diversity.google/. Jayne, A Dipboye, L 2004, ‘Leveraging Diversity to Improve Business Performance: Research Findings Re commendations For Organizations’, Human Resource Management, vol. 43 no. 4, pp. 409-424. Kersten, A 2000, ‘Diversity management dialogue, dialectics and diversion’, Journal of organizational change management, vol. 13 no. 3, pp. 235-48. Moore, S 1999, ‘Understanding and managing diversity among groups at work: key issues for organizational training and development’, Journal of European Industrial Training, vol. 2 no. 3, pp. 208-217. Ollapally, A Bhatnagar, J 2009, ‘The Holistic Approach to Diversity Management: HR Implications’, The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 44 no. 3, pp. 454-472. Parvis, L 2003, ‘Diversity and effective leadership in multicultural workplaces’, Journal of Environmental Health, vol. 65 no. 4, pp. 37-38. Pless, M Maak, T 2004, ‘Building an Inclusive Diversity Culture: Principles, Process, and Practice’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 54 no. 2, pp.129-147. Pope, A 2004, †˜Diversity is the key in strategic planning’, American Water Works Association Journal, vol. 96 no. 7, pp. 63-64. Saxena, et al 2012, Case Study on Google. https://scribd.com/presentation/19583272/Google-Case-Study.

Research Proposal On Impact Of Oil On Agriculture In Nigeria’s Economy The WritePass Journal

Research Proposal On Impact Of Oil On Agriculture In Nigeria’s Economy INTRODUCTION Research Proposal On Impact Of Oil On Agriculture In Nigeria’s Economy INTRODUCTIONRATIONALE OF THE STUDYRESEARCH OBJECTIVESLITERATURE REVIEWRESEARCH QUESTIONSMETHODOLOGYRESEARCH DESIGNRESEARCH APPROACHDATA COLLECTIONDATA ANALYSISETHICAL CONSIDERATIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCERelated INTRODUCTION Fluctuations of crude oil prices and the crisis of rising food insecurity have always been the main concerns of policymakers worldwide. Since the 1960s when oil was first discovered in Nigeria, oil has accounted for a large share of Nigerias export economy (Daramola, et.al, 2007). In 2000, for example, 99.6% of Nigerias export income came from oil, making it the world’s most oil dependent economy (Akpan 2009). The countrys fortune has increasingly relied on oil for its revenue. Nigeria is currently known as the largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa producing an estimate volume of around 2.413 million barrels of oil per day (AFDB 2005). This makes it the 6th largest oil producer in the world. Despite being amongst the largest oil producers in the world, Nigeria remains home to the world’s poor after China and India with majority of its population living below 1$USD per day (Akpan 2009). This raises a fundamental question: why the high rates of poverty? Could it be because of years of mismanagement of the oil sector or due to its neglect of agricultural sector? In addressing these concerns, this analysis examines the impact of oil on agriculture in Nigeria’s economy. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY Prior to the 1960, agriculture was known to be the dominant sector of the countrys economy. It accounted for nearly 70% of the GDP and about 90% of foreign earnings and federal government revenue (Akpan 2009). However, a notable shift emerged with the discovery of oil at the Niger Delta in 1965 as agriculture was replaced by the oil industry (Sekumade 2009). Today, oil account’s for a large percentage of Nigeria’s export earnings (Lawal 2011). Interestingly though, Nigeria fares much worse in terms of the rates of poverty, with the third highest number of people living in abject poverty after China and India. It is estimated that the population of people living on less than US$1 per day had increased significantly from 36% in the 1970 to about 70% in 2006 (Akpan 2009). Of course, these outcomes coincided with oil discovery in the country. It is in this recognition that this proposal seeks to explore on the effect that oil has had on Agriculture in Nigeria’s economy. The proposal seeks to confirm the hypothesis that Nigeria’s neglect of its agricultural sector and increased dependence on oil was the main reason behind the current crisis in its economy. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This analysis is guided by the following research objectives: To investigate how the discovery of oil in Nigeria has affected the attention given to, and government spending on agriculture in the economy. To examine the extent to which agricultural exports in Nigeria have been adversely affected by oil. To determine the impact that increased government spending, more attention and policies on agricultural practice; may have on the economy considering the neglect it has suffered so far. LITERATURE REVIEW Since the main objective of this paper is to investigate how the discovery of oil in Nigeria has affected the attention given to, and government spending on agriculture in the economy; as part of the study, we shall review some theoretical and empirical studies related to this core objective. Prior to the oil discovery in Nigeria, agriculture accounted for a lion share of the GDP. It also provided employment and food to the teeming population as well as raw materials for the growing industries (Adeniyi 2008). From the standpoint this standpoint, Ogen (2007) suggests agriculture to have been the lead sector of growth in Nigerian economy during the 1960s. Ogen (2007) notes that Nigeria had, during that period, become the worlds second largest cocoa producer and the lead producer and exporter of palm oil. Contributing to this subject, (Alkali 1997) also points out that besides being the lead producer in palm oil; Nigeria had also become the lead exporter in groundnut, rubber, cotton, and hides and skins. Lawal (1997) also affirmed the positive contribution that agriculture had made to the economy of Nigeria before the oil discovery. Despite the reliance on traditional farming methods, agriculture was the main stay of the economy accounting for over 70% of Nigeria’s exports (NEEDS 2004). But the oil boom of the 1970s led to its neglect of agriculture and increased dependence on oil resources. According to Ogen (2007), by 2004 the contribution of the agricultural sector to Nigerias GDP had declined to less than 5%. Ever since, food insecurity and poverty have remained persistently high in Nigeria. The NEEDS Policy Paper (2004) further reveals that close to two-thirds of Nigerias population live below US$1 per day with most of them situated in the rural areas. The policy paper, suggests that roots of this crisis, which led to a vast number of the Nigerian population living below the poverty index, lies in its neglect of agricultural sector and increased dependence on oil. Contributing to this debate, this proposal provides important insights of how the discovery of oil in Nigeria has affected the attention given to, and government spending on agriculture in the economy. To address this drift and as an important realization of the central role that agriculture plays in development,   the proposal seeks to determine the impact that increased government spending, more attention and policies on agricultural practice; may have on the economy considering the neglect it has suffered so far. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This analysis is thus underpinned by the following research questions How has agriculture been affected by the discovery of oil in Nigeria? To what extent has dependency in oil resulted in a decline of agricultural exports in Nigeria? What will be impact of increased government spending, more attention and policies that enhance agricultural practices; on Nigerian economy? METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN This analysis will take the form of a descriptive research as it seeks to describe how the decline in agriculture and increase in poverty in Nigeria was a result of an increased overreliance on oil resource, which led to the neglect of the agricultural sector. Descriptive statistics will also be employed to describe the variables in this study. RESEARCH APPROACH A secondary research will be undertaken for this analysis. Because of the nature of the study, which is to investigate on how the discovery of oil in Nigeria had affected the attention given to, and government spending on agriculture in the economy; data that has already been generated will be particularly suited for this type of study. The study draws from and overlaps previous work, especially the work of Akpan (2009) who used a VAR methodology to investigate the impact of oil discovery on agriculture in Nigeria’s economy. His findings are very much in line with our hypothesis which points out that the neglect of agriculture has resulted from the increased reliance on mono-cultural oil based economy. DATA COLLECTION The data on government spending in agriculture and oil sector, and their contribution to GDP will be obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin for various years. Time series data on the amount of federal government expenditure on these two comparable sectors and their contribution to GDP in Nigeria will be obtained for periods between 1970 and 2007. DATA ANALYSIS We will use a VAR approach (a vector autoregressive system) to analyze the relationship between increased dependence on oil in the economy and declining agricultural exports and rising food insecurity in the economy.   This relationship will reveal the extent to which dependency on oil had resulted in the neglect of agriculture in Nigeria. The VAR model incorporates many time series which interact via a few dynamic factors. The variables to be incorporated in this model include: oil price, oil revenue, food insecurity, and agricultural exports. This model provides a framework where in changes to a particular variable, say the price of oil, can be related to changes in other variables and lag in those variables such as agricultural export. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION For any research, there are important ethical considerations that must be considered. With reference to this analysis, the main foreseen ethical issue that is likely to rise is the lack of ethical approval from the original authors. Since this analysis is based on data that has already been generated and draws from previous work; it will not be possible to have ethical approval from the original authors. However, in addressing this ethical concern, the researcher will acknowledge the work of these authors where necessary. CONCLUSION Unlike its neighbor countries, Nigeria has a huge agricultural potential. However, the increasing reliance on a monoculture oil based economy has resulted in its neglect of the agricultural sector. In addressing this drift, this proposal reignites this particular subject and calls for increased government spending, more attention and urgent need for more policies that will enhance domestic production and reduce the overreliance on oil resources in Nigeria. REFERENCE Adeniyi O., 2008. Oil Price Shocks and Nigeria’s macro economy. Unpublished PhD Thesis Post Field Report. Department of Economics, University of Ibadan African Development Bank (AFDB), 2005. African Economic Outlook 2004/2005, Paris: OECD. Akpan, E.O., 2009. Oil resource management and food insecurity in Nigeria. Paper presented at CSAE Conference, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. Alkali, R.A., 1997. The World Bank and Nigeria: Cornucopia or Pandora Box? Kaduna: Baraka Press. Daramola, et.al, 2007. â€Å"Agricultural Export Potential†. In: Collier P. and C. Pattillo (eds.), Economic Policy Options for a Prosperous Nigeria, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Karl, T.L., 2007. Oil-led development: social, political and economic consequences. CDDRL Working Papers. No.80 Lawal, W. A, 2011. â€Å"An analysis of government spending on agricultural sector and its contribution to GDP in Nigeria†. International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol.2 (20) Lawal, W. A., 1997. â€Å"The Economy and the State from the Pre-colonial Times to the Present†. In: Osuntokun, A. and Olukoju, A. (eds.) Nigerian Peoples and Cultures. Ibadan: Davidson. Ogen, O., 2007. The agricultural sector and Nigerias development: comparative perspectives from Brazilian Agro-Industrial Economy, 1960-1995. Noble World Archives. Nigeria Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy- NEEDS (2004). Executive Summary on Nigeria Agricultural Policy Support Facility (A-PSF). An Agricultural Policy, Research and Knowledge Program to Support Nigeria’s NEEDS. Sekumade, A.B., 2009. â€Å"The effect of petroleum dependency on agricultural trade in Nigeria: an error correlation modelling (ECM) approach†. Scientific Research and Essay, vol. 4 (11), pp. 1385-1391

SWOT Analysis. Avon Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SWOT Analysis. Avon - Case Study Example Strength †¢ The company had a wide range of products to be marketed, from skin care to fragrances for both men and women †¢ It had a market coverage in 137 countries and marketed its products with the assistance of over 3 million sales representatives †¢ Most of the marketing strategies were directed towards the young generation which was termed as the most potential market segment in the personal care industry †¢ The company focused on direct selling, retail selling through kiosks and online selling as its marketing strategy which helped it to be focused and also simplified the organizational operations Weaknesses †¢ Avon’s financial structure was remarkably weakening with stagnant sales revenue and lower growth rate †¢ The brand image of the company got fragmented due to over diversification of the product line †¢ Lack of aggressive purchase of Avon products by targeted customers, i.e. the Generation Y †¢ Increasing competition in online selling †¢ Loyalty in brand segments were unequal due to inadequate distribution channels †¢ Growth in all the sectors were not adequate, i.e. in the women section the company had a significant growth comprising of elderly females while in the men’s section the company was quite weak ... in the women section the company had a significant growth comprising of elderly females while in the men’s section the company was quite weak Inefficiency in the recruitment and retaining of quality employees Increasing competition in online marketing along with major disputes between the company’s strategies and the interests of sales representatives Markets were weakening in the developed economies including the European region Opportunities The Personal-Care industry was growing, although it at a slower pace Reliable growth in the hair-care section in the market segment based on ethnic backgrounds of the customers Rapid growth was witnessed in the personal hygiene, men’s fragrances and makeup/color cosmetics sections Spa services were gaining consistent attention among the customers and marketers as a medium to generate higher customer loyalty Personal care products were highly favored by the Generation X customers Kiosks were receiving more and more attention in the industry supply chain North and South America were termed as the most potential markets for personal care products Online selling is most likely to gain a rapid growth in the near future The regulatory framework supported the operations of self-inspections, good manufacturing and maintenance of good relation with the regulatory bodies It had only two major competitors, i.e. Mary Kay Inc. and L’Oreal Mary Kay had no growth with weak existence in the women section Threats Mary Kay had only 8 categories of products with 200 different product lines primarily focused on the men’s section with limited women customers Mary Kay also segmented its market only in

Globalization of Financial Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization of Financial Reporting - Essay Example Globalization of Financial Reporting As such, the structure should be â€Å"contingency based, taking into account the variables of that particular system at that specific point in time.† The most important variables to consider are the firm’s strategy, size, technology, and environment of those countries in which the country operates. In addition, other relevant variables that affect the company’s operations are: geographic dispersion, time differences, language, culture and business practices. These could actually be classified according to resources (man, materials and market), the processes, the controls and incentives and the culture of the organization as well as that of the host country. These variables interact consistently to ensure that the global company maximizes the utilization of its resources and assure its profitability. Thereby, each and every component or variable is important in defining the success of the firm’s international operations. In this regard, this essay is written with the objective of proffering the ways in which globalization has affected one of the critical areas in an organization’s operations – its financial reporting. In addition, as the process of globalization continues, the discourse would determine The effect of globalization to organizational structure, particularly financial reporting and accounting practices are tremendously being evaluated triggered by the need to standardize reporting concepts and practices for international users.

What are the three most important aspects or sections of the Essay

What are the three most important aspects or sections of the constitution - Essay Example The Constitution aids in enforcing the boundaries and rights of this relationship. While every aspect and section of the Constitution is important to maintaining control and equality in the United States amongst all citizens, there are some sections that stand out from the others. The Constitution, penned over a span of many years and approved of on September 17, 1787, consists of numerous articles, clauses, and amendments that help to define the relationship that exists between the government, the states, and every citizen of the United States.The first ten amendments, also known as the Bill of Rights, the Fifteenth Amendment, and Article Five each have a significance not only in its context, but in the history behind their existence. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments in the Constitution are more commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights and were among the first laws agreed upon for United States citizens. Just as the name suggests, the purpose of these amendments is to outli ne the legal rights that all United States citizens are entitled to. The significance of the Bill of Rights is that they show some of the issues that existed back when they were first penned in 1789; they also reveal the responses that were given to some of these problems and what was done to overcome them. These were issues that were at the hearts of many of the citizens of America, as well as the government officials that could make the desired changes for the sake of humanity. As amendments of the Constitution, these rights are meant to be upheld and exercised as people see fit. They are also used to help citizens should their rights be questioned, especially in a court of law. One of the most important and most exercised amendments in the Bill of Rights is the First Amendment, which allows for freedom of religion, speech, assembly, and petition. It is this amendment that has allowed people to speak their minds and express their thoughts and feelings, just as long as they adhere to the portion of the amendment that goes against speaking with the intention of starting a physical altercation with another. Under this amendment, citizens are able to freely express themselves as individuals, providing opportunities to healthily debate with others that do not agree on the same position. The significance of this amendment is that it allows citizens to exercise their rights to be individuals without having to censor themselves. Furthermore, it is because of the First Amendment that the United States has the media and art that it does. By exercising their rights to speak or express themselves freely, people have written literature, painted pictures and buildings, and have made careers as musicians under this amendment. It can be said that an entire amendment is the cause of a free, expression-filled America. Yet another most touched-upon amendment, as well as the most controversial, is the Second Amendment, which allows citizens the right to possess weapons. The imp ortance of this amendment is that it provides citizens with the opportunity to protect themselves and their families. Despite the controversy surrounding this amendment and how it should be interpreted, this amendment is being used to make sure that people are entitled to certain levels of physical protection. The Second Amendment is currently being tried in college campuses throughout the United States with the hopes that school-related violence will be drastically decreased. This amendment caters to the safety of American citizens while ensuring that the method of safety is properly implemented and not abused. The importance of these two amendments does not suggest that the other amendments are unimportant to the citizens of the United States. The Sixth Amendment promises a speedy trial for criminal offenses and the Seventh Amendment guarantees a trial by jury of the defendant's peers; the Fourth Amendment

Understanding developments 2- international relation Essay

Understanding developments 2- international relation - Essay Example This means that these countries are poor countries which need either the microfinance or the social protection policies to better their lives. This paper is going to compare, with evidence, ways in which microfinance and social protection policies have achieved poverty alleviation and secured more livelihoods. Furthermore, this paper is going to aptly decide which of the two methods is efficient in its attempt at poverty alleviation and creation of secured livelihoods. Microfinance has done a lot to reduce poverty in the global south since it has reached even the poorest of them all. This is because microfinance, unlike streamline banks do not see peasants as not worthy for credit and has put rules that do not favor the poor thus microfinance comes in. an example is in Bangladesh where poverty was rife until one of their own called Muhammad yunus developed the classical grameen model, what is today called the microfinance in the 1970. He decided to give small loans to a group of five people and it grew and become a significant poverty reduction tool in the world. As per now south and east Asia have the most striking poverty reductions in the world (Wood, Malik, & Sagheer, 2006, 14). Secondly, microfinance has enabled the global south population to become self employed since jobs are scarce. By doing this they in turn create employment for other people and this better eradicates poverty. An example is India whose about 70% of its population is poor and depend on farming. These farmers have all along been excluded from loans that would help them involved in large scale farming. Now with the help of microfinance, India has seen a striking reduction rate in poverty since peasant farmers can now access loans, better manage themselves and build assets. Thirdly, in the global south women have a lower percentage of education and are thus not empowered especially in the Middle East. In fact according to World Bank, Middle East as a

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW - Essay Example All of a sudden, international marketing is a vital skill and knowledge for a company to have. By means of the rapid progression of information technology, as we all know, the detachment almost does not exist anymore. All intercontinental corporations have to expand international marketing strategies. so, to understand international marketing improved, a detailed understanding of the a variety of stages that a business undergoes to turn into a intercontinental business is required. Basically, there are 4 stages that a business goes during before it finally becomes a intercontinental business. These 4 stages are Domestic, International, Multinational and international. The 5th stage may be termed as Transnational. In the domestic stage of a business, the only target market of the business exists in the home country. It can be said that the whole vision of the world for the company is limited to the home country. In this stage of growth the orientation of the business is ethnocentric. The 21st century has made the cosmetic surgery business very profitable. No doubt, television reality shows have put a spin on the process by targeting daily people and marketing it as an alteration or a new beginning kind of experience. Cosmetic events can be surgical and non-surgical. Surgical methods comprise facelifts and liposuction, and are performed in a surgeon's office-based ability, an outpatient surgery center, or a hospital. It's typically done on an outpatient basis, but a few surgeons may hospitalize patients for a day when using all-purpose anesthesia. Non-surgical events include Botox injections as well as Laser Resurfacing, typically performed in a surgeon's workplace in less than an hour. Three major reasons for having a cosmetic process are changing an innate trait for instance a "nose job," the second reason is to turn back time and reduce the effects of aging, and lastly body contouring for instance liposuction as well as a breast lift. Another reason would be h aving a mutilation due to an accident or a birth defect. Marketing Role Definition: Marketing is the mainly influential weapon obtainable to a business; though, marketing is frequently confused by means of sales and advertising. It is noted that commerce need to appreciate that marketing is much more than that. Marketing, in fact, has a variety of roltes in a firm or business; initially, it connects the commerce with its target market, it provides the main link among the business and its customers. Secondly, as marketing center on the needs and needs of customers, it gives a trade direction and helps it to direct in a changing environment. Thirdly, it offers the information the commerce needs in order to modify direction or regulate its tactics by providing latest products or changing obtainable products. Fourthly, marketing helps to organize how a business can finest use its resources to please customers and attain profit targets, yet the marketing plan can really be seen as the 'blueprint' for a business's future success. The intention of this paper is to show the rising demands of cosmetic procedures, as well as how the supply is being met in dissimilar ways than just the doctor's office. First I will explain the

Understanding developments 2- international relation Essay

Understanding developments 2- international relation - Essay Example This means that these countries are poor countries which need either the microfinance or the social protection policies to better their lives. This paper is going to compare, with evidence, ways in which microfinance and social protection policies have achieved poverty alleviation and secured more livelihoods. Furthermore, this paper is going to aptly decide which of the two methods is efficient in its attempt at poverty alleviation and creation of secured livelihoods. Microfinance has done a lot to reduce poverty in the global south since it has reached even the poorest of them all. This is because microfinance, unlike streamline banks do not see peasants as not worthy for credit and has put rules that do not favor the poor thus microfinance comes in. an example is in Bangladesh where poverty was rife until one of their own called Muhammad yunus developed the classical grameen model, what is today called the microfinance in the 1970. He decided to give small loans to a group of five people and it grew and become a significant poverty reduction tool in the world. As per now south and east Asia have the most striking poverty reductions in the world (Wood, Malik, & Sagheer, 2006, 14). Secondly, microfinance has enabled the global south population to become self employed since jobs are scarce. By doing this they in turn create employment for other people and this better eradicates poverty. An example is India whose about 70% of its population is poor and depend on farming. These farmers have all along been excluded from loans that would help them involved in large scale farming. Now with the help of microfinance, India has seen a striking reduction rate in poverty since peasant farmers can now access loans, better manage themselves and build assets. Thirdly, in the global south women have a lower percentage of education and are thus not empowered especially in the Middle East. In fact according to World Bank, Middle East as a

President Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

President - Personal Statement Example Since children are considered to be an asset for every nation and they can change they entire fate of a nation. Proper upbringing and suitable education for children can transform their lives and they are children who become scientists, soldiers, doctors etc in their future lives. Therefore, I would develop strategies that would help the children of all ages. People are doing many things for the betterment of children like offering scholarships, giving grants, arranging competitions etc. These things are important but many of them aren't realistic and desired results can't be achieved. If I am elected as a president of America then I would love to introduce a program for the children which would develop entrepreneurial skills in them. They can evaluate themselves that whether we can take risks or not and is it possible for us to enter into to the field of entrepreneurship (Drucker). Through this plan children would learn that how they can start their own business and how they can be successful businessmen. They have to choose a career and a mentor would guide them that what studies they might chose and how they can contribute towards the betterment of their nation. Business gurus and entrepreneurial kings would be contracted to teach children certain

Mexican and Italian foods Essay Example for Free

Mexican and Italian foods Essay Many Mexican and Italian foods are very similar and still, the prepared dishes of each country have very distinct and bold flavors. Both countries use meats, grains, and produce that are grown locally to prepare their meals. However, Italian foods are regional and Mexican food is native to the whole country. Many of the spices for flavoring are the same, but they are used with a combination of different ingredients and the foods are prepared differently. Dishes from both countries often use sauces, but each country implements the use of their sauces differently to enhance the flavor of the final dish. If you enjoy cooking or eating, exploring the similarities and differences between Mexican and Italian foods will tempt anyone’s palate. The origin and influences of Mexican and Italian foods Authentic Mexican foods are native to the country and the Pueblo Indians. Corn was grown by the Pueblo’s and many Mexican recipes require corn based specialties such as tacos, enchiladas, tamales and quesadillas. Beans are also a staple food in the Mexican culture. Produce that is grown in the country like avocados, tomatoes and green and red peppers are also used in their recipes to add zest to their flavorful foods. The meat of choice that is used in many of their dishes is pork, but meat is rarely the focal point of the meal. It’s used more to add substance and flavor to the food. Authentic Italian foods vary by region. The Tuscan region uses local produced foods like produce, mellow cheeses, and game meats like boar, deer and rabbit. Beans are also a staple of that region. Rome is known for its hearty soups, lamb and pasta dishes. The main staples of Italy in more general terms are vegetables, grains, legumes and cheeses. The basic diet in Italy is called â€Å"la cucina povera† which mean â€Å"poor peoples food. † The spices and oils used in Mexican and Italian foods Mexican foods tend to be spicy. Many people confuse the spiciness with the sensation of heat. Cinnamon, saffron, cumin is some of the common spices used in Mexican dishes. Lard is used in traditional dishes like tamales. Actually a very small amount is used in frying their food. Lard is preferred and actually necessary to produce some of the authentic flavors known to Mexican food. Some of the common spices used in Italian dishes are saffron, cinnamon, nutmeg, rosemary and sage. Cinnamon is used in a lasagna dish made with cinnamon scented and sauteed chicken gizzards called Vircisgrassi. Olive oil is a staple in the cooking process and on the table. Central and Southern regions prefer a dark green olive oil which is once pressed while Northern regions prefer golden olive oil. Preparation and use of sauces in Mexican and Italian foods Mexican dishes are generally fried or oven baked. Meats are usually boiled and shredded since they are mostly used in dishes rather than as a stand alone meal. Sauces are often used in cooking, but rarely, is additional sauce added before serving. However, sometimes sauces are served on the side for dipping. The majority of Italian dishes are cooked on the stove top. Meats are usually grilled, wine braised or roasted. Italian dishes are known for their rich and thick sauces used in to top their pasta. Many people think of tomato based sauces when they think of Italian dishes, but in fact, many of the sauces are cream based. Mexican and Italian foods are very popular in the United States. American’s have adapted the recipes to their tastes. Recipes that have been adapted are referred to as Mexican-American or Italian-American cuisine not to be confused with authentic Mexican or Italian dishes. Ethnic foods such as these are popular in the diverse American culture. Works Cited Furfaro, Rosemary. Ethnic Cuisine: Italy. 2008. Sallys Place. 13 October 2008 http://www. sallys-place. com/food/cuisines/italy. htm. Peyton, James. Frequently Asked Questions About Mexican Cooking. 1999-2000. Mexican Food Cooking and Recipes. 13 October 2008 http://lomexicano. com/faq_mexican_food_cooking__recipes. htm.

Holes By Louis Sachar: Character Analysis

Holes By Louis Sachar: Character Analysis Introduction Hole is a novel written by Louis Sachar and has already won Newbery Medal. The plot of the novel is about the life of multiple characters and a leading character with whom the whole story of the novel is linked. Story is written in main two parts referring as flashback and current or present situation. Characters in the Story The major characters in the novel are Stanley Yelnats and Zero (Hector Zeroni). Present characters are Stanley Yelnats, Mrs. Bell, Stanley Yelnats III, BarfBag, Alan, Theodore, Jos ¾, Ricky, Twitch, Attorney General, Ms. Morengo, Clyde Sweet Feet Livingston and Mr. Sir. Other past characters are Elya Yelnats, Madame Zeroni, Stanley Yelnats II, Kate Barlow, Myra Menke, Igor Barkov, Charles Trout Walker, Sam, the Onion Man, Mary Lou and Sheriff. Brief Overview to Story The storyline is the story occurred in past along the present storyline. Stanley is an unfortunate young boy because his family had been cursed for many ages before his great-great grandfather had not kept his promise. Stanleys father was a failure inventor and after inventing something using waste tennis ball. Financially Stanleys family was poor and believes that it is the result of the curse that his family has been bearing for ages. On the other side there is another story of Kate Barlow who is an intelligent lady and teaches in one class room school. She used to love Sam the onion boy who a black guy. The towns people were racist and did not like Kate in love with a black man to whom Kate love because he was a nice man. One day Sam was killed after Kate kisses him and the death of Sam makes Kate furious that she decides to take revenge of Sams death. Stanleys great-great grandfather Stanley I, who had not kept his promise, migrate to America and earn money but he was robbed by K ate Barlow and after that Stanleys family consistently facing financial crises. In present situation Stanleys was falsely accused of theft and trialed. At the end of the trial he was asked to choose either going jail or Green Lake Camp. Since Stanley has always thought it as some kind of summer camp he chooses going Green Lake Camp. Having reached the camp it was revealed on him that the Green Lake Camp is not in any way like summer camp and on the contrary it is rather a digging camp. Here Stanley somehow adjusted and began to part in the digging. He also makes friends here like Zero (Hector Zeroni). One day Stanley finds that the warden is after something as she was keenly interested in digging. Stanley with his friend Zero finds the treasure which later known as his grandfathers lost treasure and he becomes legal owner of the treasure. All of sudden Stanleys fate turns in to his favor and his father finds the formula for removing feet stink and Clyde Sweet Feet become its primary endorser. Zero has confesses that he stole the shoes I actual, just because he lived by himself and was compel steal to survive. The sudden change in fate stems from the reality that Zero was actually Hector Zeroni, and was the great-great grandson of Madame Zeroni. The promise was eventually been kept. A Yelnats lifted a Zeroni up to the mountain, carrying the curse and changing his familys fate. Comparison of Stanley Yelnats IV and Kate Barlows Lives Kate Barlow was a humble, kind and intelligent lady. Nobody has thought that this kind lady will turn to become revengeful person and will cause the destruction and unhappiness of someone life. Kate Barlow was a teacher and teaches in a one-room school in Green Lake one hundred and ten years before it was made Camp Green Lake. She was in love with a guy Sam; he sells onions in the town. Kate loves him because he was compassionate, brave, and elegant. Sam was a black man and the people of town were racist and did not like when they know that she loves Sam. Though Kate was a white herself yet she was not racist and believes in good and nobility. Kate was very lucky here to find a true love in her life and it was her the luckiest moments when she knows that she is in love with Sam. But the death of Sam was revealed as disastrous for her and it was the most unlucky moment of her life because the death of Sam turns her life into another direction. Death of Sam makes her revengeful and lat er she lived a pathetic life. She later on robs Stanleys great-great grandfather and thus Kate Barlow and Stanley Yelnatss family get connected into chain of life. Stanley Yelnats, who was an ugly as he was three times heavier than other normal boys and poor young boy, was great-great grandson of Stanley I who was robbed by Kate Barlow. Stanleys family had been poor and suffering from financial crises since his great-great grandfather was robbed by Kate Barlow. Stanleys family has another tragedy in their life as his family was cursed due to miscommitment of his great-great grandfather with Madame Zeroni. The great-great grandfather of Stanley was in love with Elya Yelnats and wishes to marry her but her father had conditioned her marriage with the big pig. To him, he will allow the marriage of his daughter with the man who brings the biggest pig. Madame Zeroni helped the great-great grandfather of Stanley on the condition to take her up on the mountain to drink stream water. Her condition to take her up on the mountain was so intense that she would curse him and his generation if he had not taken her up for helping him. Due to some reason he c ould not manage to bring her up on the mountain and they migrated to America. Here he was robbed by Kate Barlow and after that he thinks that he got Madame Zeronis curse. Due to this event Stanley and his family always think in the same manner and believe that they are unlucky and cursed. However, being accused of theft which was false and he had not committed the crime was fiercely unlucky of him because he was punished for the crime which he had never committed. At the end of the trial when he was asked to choose to go either to jail or Green Lake Camp, he chose to go to Green Lake Camp because he had always dreamed of summer camps and thought it one of them. But it was very unfortunate of him when he reaches at the camp and sees that there was neither a lake nor it was green and that his decision of coming here was wrong. Apparently feels himself unlucky because there was so much hardworking involve in the camp. Boys were here to dig for building their characters. He had not real ized that destiny intends to change his life and make him lucky. He began to digging here and one day he realized that the warden is after some treasure. He eventually finds the treasure and got released from camp as a result of being proved that he is innocent. The treasure that he found later came to know that it was the same value which Kate Barlow has robbed from his great-great grandfather and buried it here. Fortune was so much in his favor that his fathers formula also works and it was successful.

Love and Lust in Play-By-Play, Sex without Love, and Junior Year Abroad

Love and Lust in Play-By-Play, Sex without Love, and Junior Year Abroad      Ã‚  Ã‚  Lust is an incredibly strong feeling that can prove to be almost uncontrollable, leading it to commonly be mistaken for love. Due to the relative closeness of these emotions, both are often confused, and even when one is in love he or she does not recognize it. Many think that love just comes knocking on one's door and one will know when it does, but they don't realize that for love to occur a relationship has must be worked out. Love is described by some as fireworks, tingles, and butterflies in the stomach; but it is lust that can cause these things to happen, and it is these that mark only the beginning of a relationship. After a while, these feelings die out, and this is when the honeymoon period is over; it is from this point on that the relationship will either end or get stronger and eventually lead to true love.    Lust is the main idea behind the poem "Play-By-Play" by Joan Murray. The tale being told is of older women well past their sixties admiring much younger men playing softball from up on a terrace over-looking the field. The women are gawking at the flex of a batter's hips before his missed swing, the wide-spread stride of a man picked off his base, the intensity   on the new man's face as he waits on deck and fans the air. (Murray 837)    The poem goes on to tell of the women, who "...haven't put aside desire/ but sit at ease and in pleasure,/ watching the young men" (Murray 837). This work obviously shows how the women lust after the attractive young men, and clearly are not in love; any one of these men could have been replaced with another attractive man and would have m... ...ediately, and she would have realized the mistake she had made. In this poem the main character is lustful of both the new man she has met in Paris as well as the man she left behind her homeland, although she was under the false perception that it was love.    The often confused words 'love' and 'lust' are becoming used interchangeably more and more every day. Indeed, many definitions are being loosened up and many words are used improperly. When people use the words 'love' and 'lust', they should be more careful which word it is that they mean to say. WORKS CITED Meyer, Michael, ed. Thinking and Writing About Literature.   Second Edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001. o Joan Murray, "Play-By-Play". Meyer. 837-838. o Sharon Olds, "Sex Without Love". Meyer. 838. Barbara Rebecca, "Junior Year Abroad". Meyer. 839.

How Shakespeare Has Changed My Life :: essays research papers

How Shakespeare Has Changed My Life Learning about Shakespeare was fun for me and I learned some new things. Some of the things that we talked about in class and that we read in Romeo and Juliet changed my thinking on other topics and gave me a different point of view. Shakespeare influenced my life because he showed that just because you see someone and think that they are the love of your life doesn?t mean you are truly in love with them, I never knew how much of our language came from William Shakespeare and how complicated Elizabethan language can be considering all the rules about how to pronounce words and where the accent goes on words. I feel that Shakespeare has influenced my thinking on love verses infatuation greatly. I can?t count how many times someone in my school has ?gone out? with someone else and then broken up with them in the next few days. When I read Romeo and Juliet, Romeo was in love with a girl named Rosaline in the beginning and was moping around because his supposed one true love in the world didn?t love him back. Then a few scenes later he was entranced by Juliet at the Capulet party. His change of heart happened so quickly you can tell that he probably isn?t really in love with her. That kind of thing still occurs today with young boys and girls constantly changing their minds about who they like and who they are dating. Truthfully, Romeo and Juliet are too young to know what love really is, they are only 13 and 14 years old! I think that Shakespeare has shown that if two people really believe that they are in love, even if they are not they will go to great lengths to be together, if it means lying to parents or hurting other people around them. Reading Shakespeare?s Romeo and Juliet made me think very deeply about love and what it means to be in love. When I was very young I always thought that people fell in love the moment they saw each other. I thought it was love at first sight for everybody and that people stayed in love forever, of course later on I understood that wasn?t always the case. Love takes time and you can?t rush into it or take it to fast. Sometimes people that end up getting married were good friends before they started a relationship and that paid off in the long run because they loved each other for their personality and who they are and not what they look like.

Summary of findings

Dear Mr. Manager: Below are some of the important discoveries I made concerning people that I and a couple of others in the company will be familiarizing myself with in the coming days. I believe that these details will minimize difficulties in communicating with Cuban locale. Cuba is known as a country both by its cigar and the fact that it is ruled by Fidel Castro. After the collapse of Soviet communism, Cuba still remains to be a Socialist state. What is the people like and how should one conduct him/herself when in Cuba especially doing business in the country? It’s a predominantly Catholic country, with traditions intermingling with culture, sprinkled with African Animist beliefs. The family is all-important; the hub of Cuban life. There is very little gender bias, hence women can hold government positions and can compete. Machismo is not an issue here unlike many of its counterparts in Latin America. Cubans are said to be cordial and convivial hence tourism has exceeded since the 1980s. In fact, it is the only Cuban source for the necessary foreign exchange. Tourism’s increase is quite due to its people; they are affable, very hospitable and generous. In terms of Cuban’s apparel, they are used to casual clothes but short pants in the thoroughfare are generally not their custom. Unless there is a need to attend a formal occasion where it would be typical for men to wear a jacket and a tie, men are otherwise not too formal in their day-to-day interactions, though Cubans love to dress up during their evening socializing events. Even in the cities it’s important that tourists should wear closed shoes since the streets are dirty. Observing time consciousness, Cubans usually have a lot of time to do for all the things that needed to be pursued; hence, that being late is more fashionable than arriving earlier. Meetings allotted for the business nature of the work, Cubans are said to think of the same. They tend to accept being late as part of their natural pride. Since they are relational types of people, they have the understanding that these are all preparations. Though one may arrive in the workplace on time, being late is not a big deal because for them relationships take time. In this mindset, business is built on relationship and so therefore, business will only thrive in that context. Though Spanish is spoken by the population, Cubans have developed different meanings with certain words that had been widely used. To illustrate, it is a big mistake if one mentions the word â€Å"papaya† because this had evolved into what is referred to as the female genitalia. In addition, â€Å"guaguas† simply means city buses. â€Å"The special period† that may be present among their conversations specifically meant the â€Å"time after the soviet fall. â€Å"Adios† has become to many people something with different connotations; it is more than â€Å"goodbye† but it is frequently used as â€Å"hello† communication. Another term is â€Å"Amarillo† which is attributed to traffic policemen and their outfits suited for your ages and â€Å"plan jaba† is a public policy allowing Cuban women who work to do their shopping. People here are conscious of titles, thus, it is perfectly advisable that whatever credentials a person possesses must be duly recognized. If one encourages conversation to take place, families and children are obviously to be good starters and topics that are â€Å"no-nos† are the 1988 grape export scare, politics or the human rights and the activism that pervades in the minds of Cuban citizenry. A guest should avoid using the first name of another until the other invites the other to do so. Calling a person with just only a â€Å"psst-psst† sound is normal for them and is not construed as rudeness. Reference: Foster, Dean. Understanding the Cuban Socialist Experiment. Cuba? Accessed August 1, 2007.   

African American Characteristics Paper Essay

African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of Americans of African descent to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African American people. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in Africa. It is a blend of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Americans of African descent to practice their cultural traditions, many practices, values, and beliefs survived and over time have modified or blended with European American culture. There are some facets of African American culture that were accentuated by the slavery period. The result is a unique and dynamic culture that has had and continues to have a profound impact on mainstream American culture, as well as the culture of the broader world† (Rydell, 2010). Learning Team B has chosen African Americans as the culturally diverse group we will focus on. The subjects in this paper will be African American history, family characteristics, parenting practices, language, and religion. Also, the primary characteristics of African Americans and how those characteristics impact their experience as a subculture in American Society will be a topic. The last topic will be the implications of the characteristics for psychological theories and practices. History African Americans are the descendants of Africans brought to America during the slavery era. Many were owned as property and forced to work as day laborers in the fields or as servants in their owner’s homes. Others were allowed to work off their debts by being bough and sold on â€Å"the block†. An article titled â€Å"The Slave Auction of 1859 gives a brief account of what it was to be sold on â€Å"the block†: â€Å"The buyers, who were present to the number of about two hundred, clustered around the platform; while the Negroes, who were not likely to be immediately wanted, gathered into sad groups in the background to watch the progress of the selling in which they were so sorrowfully interested. The wind howled outside, and through the open side of the building the driving rain came pouring in; the bar down stairs ceased for a short time its brisk trade; the buyers lit fresh cigars, got ready their catalogues and pencils, and the first lot of human chattels are led upon the stand, not by a white man, but by a sleek mulatto, himself a slave, and who seems to regard the selling of his brethren, in which he so glibly assists, as a capital joke. It had been announced that the Negroes would be sold in â€Å"families,† that is to say; a man would not be parted from his wife, or a mother from a very young child. There is perhaps as much policy as humanity in this arrangement, for thereby many aged and unserviceable people are disposed of, who otherwise would not find a ready sale†¦ â€Å"(New York Daily Tribune, 1928). President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of civil war. The proclamation declared â€Å"that all persons held as slaves† within the rebellious states â€Å"are, and henceforward shall be free. † Despite this expansive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states. It also expressly exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Most important, the freedom it promised depended upon Union military victory. History pages often claim President Lincoln as â€Å"The Great Emancipator† which most educated adults come to learn is an over exaggeration. The general consensus is that Lincoln never freed a single slave, and only used the proclamation as a means to get what he wanted from the states. Once freed most African Americans still experienced racial violence and lived in fear for many years. In 1870 the fifteenth amendment was added to the constitution giving blacks the right to vote. Although blacks were free they were still segregated from the white people, made to go to different schools, stores, and even ride at the back of the bus. In 1954 the supreme courts declared segregation in school unconstitutional due to the Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka Kansas. The civil right movement was at its peak during 1955-1965. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, ensuring basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycotts to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the huge March on Washington in 1963. In 1968 President Johnson signed the Civil Right act prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Some of the most famous leader of the civil right movement includes Martin Luther King Jr. , Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks and many others. Although civil rights were established many African American still struggled to be treated fairly in America. Affirmative Action was established in 1978 by a ruling of the Supreme Court to ensure that minorities are given an opportunity that they may have missed because of their race. In 2008 Barack Obama was the first African American to be nominated for a major party nominee for president. He was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4, 2008, and sworn in on January 20, 2009. Family and Parenting Characteristics As with most cultures, African Americans place a high value on their families. In the United States African American family’s make-up 12. 9 percent of the population according to the 2003 US Census. The US census also shows that for African Americans over the age of 15 there are 34 percent married, five percent separated, eleven percent divorced, seven percent widowed, and 43 percent were never married. According to the First Things First website, â€Å"African Americans are the most un-partnered group in America† (Medium, 2011, para. 4). One major goal of African American families is communalism, which is very important for effective functioning (Hall, 2010). Hall (2010) describes African American families as having three family types. The first type is the cohesive-authoritative that is explained to be a family with high cohesion along with being supportive, nurturing, and involved with their children (Hall, 2010). The second type of family is the conflictive-authoritarian that is defined as families with conflict and the parents are controlling, critical, and express unhappiness with children (Hall, 2010). The last type of family Hall (2010) explains is the defensive- neglectful, that did not like other racial groups and also did not teach their children to be proud of being an African American. One significant trend that has been determined about the African American family structure is that the more interconnected the family is, the lower the rate of depression in African Americans (Hall, 2010). Based on these findings, a program called Strong African American Families has been created in order to strengthen the relationships between parents and children. According to Hall (2010), â€Å"The Strong African American Families program also has been found to reduce preadolescent risky sexual behaviors, preadolescent alcohol use, and parental depression among African American families† (p.95). This kind of program has been very effective in keeping families cohesive and helping to improve the goal of communalism. Language â€Å"Generations of hardships imposed on the African American community created distinctive language patterns. Slave owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English. This, combined with prohibitions against education, led to the development of pidginsimplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages can use to communicate. Examples of pidgins that became fully developed languages include Creole, common to Louisiana, and Gullah, common to the Sea Islandsoff the coast of South Carolina and Georgia† (Rydell, 2010). It is sad to think that slave owners intentionally put Africans with people who did not speak their language to discourage communication, but is have been researched and proven to be true. Slavery is not the only element to African American culture, and it often seems that when discussing African American culture slavery is the main topic. However, when discussing language the centuries of slavery that they endured have everything to do with the evolution of African-American language. Now that we have covered the origin of African American language we can discuss the American perspective of where modern day African American language stands, and how this effects the culture. â€Å"African American Vernacular English (AAVE)—also called African American English; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Black Vernacular English (BVE)—is an African Americanvariety(dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English. Non-linguists sometimes call it Ebonics(a term that also has other meanings or strong connotations) or jive or jive-talk. Its pronunciation is, in some respects, common to Southern American English, which is spoken by many African Americans and many non-African Americans in the United States. There is little regional variation among speakers of AAVE. Several creolists, including William Stewart, John Dillard, and John Rickford, argue that AAVE shares so many characteristics with Creole dialects spoken by black people in much of the world that AAVE itself is a Creole dialect; while others maintain that there are no significant parallels. As with all linguistic forms, its usage is influenced by age, status, topic and setting. There are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in African-American literature† (Rydell, 2010). Of course this information does not imply that all African Americans speak a version of AAVE, only that it is very common and prevalent throughout the modern day African American culture. Religion In the African American community religion plays an extremely significant role. â€Å"The story of African-American religion is a tale of variety and creative fusion. Enslaved Africans transported to the New World beginning in the fifteenth century brought with them a wide range of local religious beliefs and practices. This diversity reflected the many cultures and linguistic groups from which they had come. The majority came from the West Coast of Africa, but even within this area religious traditions varied greatly. Islam had also exerted a powerful presence in Africa for several centuries before the start of the slave trade: an estimated twenty percent of enslaved people were practicing Muslims, and some retained elements of their practices and beliefs well into the nineteenth century. Preserving African religions in North America proved to be very difficult. The harsh circumstances under which most slaves lived—high death rates, the separation of families and tribal groups, and the concerted effort of white owners to eradicate â€Å"heathen† (or non-Christian) customs—rendered the preservation of religious traditions difficult and often unsuccessful. Isolated songs, rhythms, movements, and beliefs in the curative powers of roots and the efficacy of a world of spirits and ancestors did survive well into the nineteenth century. Historically during their most difficult times the African American relied on their religious beliefs to endure. During the civil rights movement black churches were often the target of racial violence because that was a place that African Americans spent most of their time. This was a place where they often held meetings to discuss their civil rights efforts. African Americans practice a number of religions, but Protestant Christianity is by far the most prevalent. Some African and African American also follow the Muslim and Judaism. According to Fife, Kilgour, Canter and Adegoke (2010), â€Å"African spiritual traditions have historically held a central place in African American communalism (Mbiti, 1990) and were vital to survival during the time of slavery. In African and African American culture the concept of spirituality is inseparable from all other aspects of human experience. The spiritual and the physical are indistinguishable (Mbiti, 1990). A deep connection exists between humans, God, family, and group (Barrett, 1974). Spirituality is not compartmentalized into systematized beliefs and practices but woven into everyday experience (Boyd Franklin, 1989). The Black church is the primary means through which many African Americans express their religious and spiritual beliefs and values (Richardson & June, 1997). This institution is a central force in African American childhood and adolescent identity and helps to shape ideas about what comprises community. † Many African American children have christen ceremonies for they can even walk or talk. African American families generally spend a substantial amount of time within their places of worship. Conclusion For review, the big questions the above research addressed were: †¢What are the primary cultural characteristics of this selected group? †¢How do the characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society? †¢How might the cultural aspects of this group be applied to traditional psychological theory? †¢What are the implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice? We have found that the primary cultural characteristics of the African America culture are their history of slavery in America, distinct family and parenting practices, slavery based evolution of their language, and their dedicated religious beliefs. The characteristics of this group impact its experience as a subculture in American society by enticing others in to the culture and sparking curiosity around the world. African Americans make up a small percentage of the minority in America. However African American culture dominates the world of music, fashion, and professional sports. The cultural aspects of the African American group can be applied to traditional psychological theory when considering family dynamics, cultural perspectives, and how these aspects influence mental health. The implications of these characteristics for psychological theory and practice would focus on how the African American history of slavery in America influences their world view, how family and parenting practices mold their ideals of what a family should be, how religion influences their beliefs and actions, and how language distinguishes them from others and what psychological impact this has on them as a whole. For many years African-American culture developed separately from mainstream American culture, both because of slavery and the persistence of racial discrimination in America, as well as African-American slave descendants’ desire to create and maintain their own traditions. Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. References Fife, J. , McCreary, M. , Kilgour, J. , Canter, D. , & Adegoke, A. (2010). Self Identification Among African American and Caucasian College Students. College Student Journal, 44(4), 994. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Hall, G. C. N. (2010). Multicultural psychology (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Medium. (2011). First Things First. Retrieved from http://firstthings. org/page/research/african-american-family-facts New York Daily Tribune, March 9, 1859 reprinted in Hart, Albert B. , American History Told by Contemporaries v. 4 (1928). Retrieved from http://eyewitnesstohistory. com Rydell, R. J. , Hamilton, D. L. , & Devos, T. (2010). NOW THEY ARE AMERICAN, NOW THEY ARE NOT: VALENCE AS A DETERMINANT OF THE INCLUSION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE AMERICAN IDENTITY. Social Cognition, 28(2), 161-179. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

The impact of culture difference on advertising Research Proposal

The impact of culture difference on advertising - Research Proposal Example This "The impact of culture difference on advertising" essay outlines the issue of cultural stereotypes and cultural division that can sometimes become the reason of failed advertisement campaign. Existing literature suggest existence of stereotypes to cultural differences among consumers. These stereotypes begin with preliminary analysis of advertisement before the audience’s response to content of advertisements. Creativity in advertisements, which is instrumental to effectiveness, is one of the major victims of culture based stereotypes and the audience’s perception of creativity vary with cultural orientation. This may then extend to relative effectiveness of advertisement based on cultural orientations and identifies the need for exploration of other effects of cultural differences on advertising (An, 2013). The effect of culture on advertisement has been noted in television advertising in cross some regions. A study of university students in Warwick, Beijing, and Hong Kong showed this. The students reported a significant difference in perception on television advertisement and the observation suggest that this difference could be observed across people from other regions and across different modes of advertisement. In addition to cross cultural difference in attitude towards advertisement, differences exist between attitudes towards television advertisement and other television program and this means that reliance on television viewership as an indicator of advertisement may not be true (Guo, Cheung and Leung, 2012). A study on effectiveness of online advertisement also supports effectiveness of